Wildfires.

 Wildfire regimes under climate change favor shifts from conifers to deciduous trees and from forests to shrublands. In addition, wildfire intensity can serve as a measure for soil recovery, with higher intensities having severe impacts on soil structure, nutrients and erosion. Accordingly, wildfire severity can serve as a measure for estimating hydrological effects, with extreme magnitudes being responsible for floods and short-term water pollution. On an average wildfire regime and a temperate climate, abiotic factors can be restored in a decade, while 15 to 25 years are needed for the recovery of vegetation composition. -

, Vassilios A. Tsihrintzis  also:-

Woodlandfires (or wildfires) burn approximately 44 Mha on average per year during the 2012-2023 period (GWIS, 2024 and authors’ elaboration), questioning whether the burned land will ever recover or if desertification will prevail. Through the ecological procedure of succession, natural forest systems advance towards vegetation species and structures which - depending on environmental conditions - require several decades (at least 40 years) to reach the stage of potential natural community (PNC) (Hall, 1995; O'Hara et al., 1996; Powell, 1996; Yearsley and Parminter, 1998).